喷涂车间卫生防护距离计算方法探讨

无组织废气排放对环境危害较大,目前,无组织废气排放的卫生防护距离的计算主要以国家标准方法(GB/T 13201-91)为主,但该方法存在一定的缺陷。以机械加工企业中常见的涂装车间无组织废气排放为研究对象,分别研究国家标准计算模式、线源扩散模式、面源扩散模式等三种不同的卫生防护距离计算方法,讨论不同卫生防护距离计算公式的差异,为企业选址和总图布置提供科学依据。     

祁东经济开发区生态化建设规划研究

工业园生态化建设是发展循环经济走新型工业化道路的重要途径,生态工业园是我国继经济技术开发区、高新技术开发区之后第三代工业园区发展的必然趋势。本文从祁东经济开发区的内部资源和外部环境出发,对其发展生态工业园具备的优势与劣势、面临的机遇与威胁进行了系统分析,并对其建设生态工业园的模式和实施层次进行了探讨,同时提出了相应的保障措施,以利于祁东经开区的可持续发展。     

自由基对工业化纤废水氧化处理的研究

通过芬顿试剂氧化、次氯酸钠氧化、过氧化氢和光催化氧化方法对化纤废水进行了处理,并通过COD检测、紫外可见光光度计等方法对氧化效果进行分析。结果显示自由基氧化对化纤废水的色度减小非常明显,能使其色度从800多倍减少到10倍以下,COD值从3 550 mg/L降解到100 mg/L以下,透光率的变化率达到98.59%。化学处理工艺的探讨发现在pH值4～6,搅拌速度为1 500 r/min,处理30 min就能使废水的COD去除率达到95.67%;pH为4时过氧化氢的氧化效果最佳。利用过氧化氢和次氯酸钠的氧化获得了自由基氧化处理此类废水的基本原理,即自由基氧化和链式反应的持续发生造成了有机物的降解,少量自由基的生成某种程度上刺激了高级氧化反应的深入,同时极少量自由基的交联可能会湮灭氧化反应,不同类自由基之间形成竞争,可能影响其氧化性能的发挥,因此需要通过控制反应物的种类、用量和有效分离反应中间产物,可以达到高级氧化反应处理此种废水的最佳效果。     

石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响与防治对策

分析了石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响,提出了预防泄漏措施.     

野鸭湖湿地挺水植物磷素截留量动态变化分析

野鸭湖湿地位于官厅水库上游,在截留养分、预防水库水体富营养化方面发挥着重要作用.通过野鸭湖湿地中4种优势挺水植物(茭白、扁秆藨草、香蒲、芦苇)的分布区域研究,分析了植物生物量及养分元素磷含量随季节的动态变化特征,得到了研究区域内4种挺水植物对磷素截留总量的动态变化.结果表明,研究区域内4种优势挺水植物地上部分磷含量为茭白>香蒲>扁秆藨草>芦苇;地下部分磷含量呈现茭白>扁秆藨草>香蒲>芦苇的分布特点;4种植物的地上部分和地下部分磷含量均随生长季节而降低;4种植物的单位面积磷素蓄积能力存在明显差异,表现为茭白>香蒲>扁秆藨草>芦苇的规律,其单位面积蓄积峰值依次为4910、4140、2190和1390g.m-2;研究区域内挺水植物磷素蓄积总量在夏季达到峰值2210.8kg,最小值出现在冬季,为1263.5kg;区域内上、中、下游挺水植物的磷素截留总量依次递减.     

诱导喷嘴改进滤筒脉冲清灰效果的实验研究

改善清灰效果是提高滤筒除尘效率的关键和难点问题。运用自制脉冲喷吹实验台,采用诱导喷嘴(超音速引流喷嘴和气流散射器)对325 mm×660 mm滤筒进行脉冲喷吹清灰实验研究,并与采用普通喷吹孔的实验结果进行比较分析,得出采用诱导喷嘴时侧壁正压力峰值平均值是普通喷吹孔的1.465倍;且采用诱导喷嘴时各测点的不均衡系数为0.768～1.336,普通喷口为0.270～2.251,而不均衡系数越接近于1,其清灰效果越好;同时,采用诱导喷嘴时各测点基本在同一时刻达到正峰值。实验充分表明采用诱导喷嘴确保了滤筒长度方向上内壁清灰压力的均匀性,且对滤筒清灰效果有明显的改善作用。     

微生物法降解药渣中残留四环素的试验研究

发酵法生产四环素过程中会产出大量废弃药渣,其中含有丰富的营养物质,但同时也残留一定量未提取完的四环素,从而限制其资源化利用。研究筛选到一株对药渣中残留四环具有高效降解作用的优势菌株,经16S rDNA鉴定为无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacteramalonaticus)。该菌株在35℃、初始pH 5.5、装液量为50 mL、接种量为5%、转速为150 r/min条件下,处理四环素药渣72 h,药渣中残留四环素的降解率为86.1%。     

Responses of protists with different feeding habits to the changes of activated sludge conditions: A study based on biomass data

Changes of protists, which were categorized into different functional groups primarily according to their feeding habits, in two full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems experiencing sludge bulking were investigated over a period of 14 months. Protist biomass represented 3.7% to 5.2% of total biomass on average under normal sludge conditions, and the percentage increased significantly (p < 0.05) under sludge bulking conditions. The biomass of Chilodonella spp., capable of eating filamentous bacteria, tended to decrease in both systems when sludge bulking occurred, showing that the abnormal growth of filamentous bacteria did not lead to a biomass bloom of this group of protists. On the other hand, the bactivorous protists represented more than 96% of total protist biomass, and the biomass of this group, particularly the attached ciliates, increased significantly (p < 0.05) when sludge bulking occurred. The significant increase of the attached ciliates may have possibly facilitated the growth of filamentous bacteria through selectively preying on non-filamentous bacteria and further exacerbated sludge bulking. The redundancy analysis and correlation analysis results showed that the biomass changes of the attached ciliates were primarily related to the sludge volume index and to some extent related to five-day biochemical oxygen demand loading and hydraulic retention time.     

Occurrence of selected aliphatic amines in source water of major cities in China

The formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), such as nitrosamines, halonitromethanes and haloacetonitriles, from reactions between chlorine/chloramine and dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water has caused great concern with regarding public health. This study revealed the occurrence of 17 aliphatic amines, some of which have been confirmed to be the precursors of N-DBPs, in source water across China. A sensitive method based on benzenesulfonyl chloride derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was established for the simultaneous analysis of the selected amines in aqueous samples. In total, 37 source water samples from the capital cities of 20 provinces were collected for the survey. Among the 17 amines, 14 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 36%. The most relevant amines in terms of frequency and maximum concentrations detected were dimethylamine (100%, 24.82 μg/L), methylamine (78%, 0.92 μg/L), N-methylethylamine (70%, 8.84 μg/L), propylamine (59%, 10.69 μg/L), diethylamine (54%, 3.76 μg/L), N-methylbutylamine (35%, 3.07 μg/L), N-ethylpropylamine (35%, 0.52 μg/L), and piperidine (32%, 2.35 μg/L). This is the first large scale survey of the aliphatic amines occurrence in source water in the world. The wide presence of nitrosamine precursors like dimethylamine, N-methylethylamine and diethylamine, and the precursors of haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes like methylamine and propylamine suggests that better source water management is required to ensure the safety of drinking water.     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.